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The information contained in this video is for educational purposes only. Description of the pharmacological, psychological and physiological effects of stimulant us and abuse with a focus on drugs of abuse such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Brief discussion of other stimulants and possible treatments for stimulant addiction.
Drugs 101-Stimulants is the second in a series conducted by HRC and the CAPTC.
This presentation covers basic information on the differences between two big drug classes, stimulants and opioids. The presentation compares and contrasts the types of drugs, the effects of the drugs, and overdoses from the drugs. Brought to you by MaineGeneral’s Peter Alfond Prevention & Healthy Living Center. Video Rating: / 5
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Neurobiological Impact of Stimulants Depressants and Hallucinogens
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP
Objectives
– Define stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens
– Discuss
– Mechanism of action
– Symptoms of intoxication
– Symptoms of withdrawal
– Short and long term effects
– See also https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts
Tolerance and Withdrawal
– All psychoactive drugs cause alterations in the neurotransmitter balance.
– Through exposure to either persistent or abnormally high levels of a substance
– Bodily tissues develop resistance to prevent system overload. (ice cubes in the bath)
– The body responds by increasing “balancing” neurotransmitters. (turn up the water heater)
– Once the body has come to depend on the higher level of the substance, when it is withdrawn, then the “balancing neurotransmitters” exert their effect.
Intro
– Method of administration greatly effects the intensity and duration of onset for various drugs
– Oral (slowest)
– Inhalation/Snorting
– Inhalation/Smoking
– Injection
– Rectal suppository
– Skin patches (pain relief, smoking cessation)
Intro
– Drugs affect everyone differently, based on:
– Size, weight and health (cardiac, thyroid, biological neurotransmitter levels)
– Whether the person is used to taking it
– Whether other drugs are taken concurrently
– The amount taken
– The strength of the drug (varies from batch to batch with illegally produced drugs)
What are Stimulants
– Stimulants are substances that act to excite the central nervous system (HPA-Axis)
– Caffeine
– Amphetamines
– Cocaine
– Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, ADHD, narcolepsy, and occasionally depression
What are Depressants
– Depressants exert the opposite effect of stimulants.
– They s-l-o-w everything down
– Mechanism of Action
– Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA, and inhibition of glutamatergic or monoaminergic (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) activity
What are Hallucinogens
– Hallucinogens cause profound distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality.
– Some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) are hallucinogenic, but hallucinogens can also be man-made
– Commonly divided into two broad categories
– Classic hallucinogens (such as LSD)
– Dissociative drugs (such as PCP).
Dissociatives
– Ketamine—also known as K, Special K, or cat Valium—is odorless and tasteless and has amnesia-inducing and dissociative properties. (Can facilitate sexual assault.)
– DXM (Dextromethorphan)—also known as robo—is a cough suppressant and expectorant
– Salvia divinorum—also known as diviner’s sage—is a psychoactive plant typically ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted juices.
What are Hallucinogens
– Hallucinogens interfere with the action serotonin and/or glutamate, which regulate:
– Mood
– Sensory perception and response
– Sleep
– Hunger
– Body temperature
– Sexual behavior
– Muscle control
– Pain perception
– Learning and memory
Summary
– Stimulants range from caffeine to methamphetamine and “amp up” the system
– Opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants are all CNS depressants
– Combinations of depressants have an exponential additive effect
– Evaluate patients for exposure to all CNS depressants intentional and incidental
– Hallucinogens include LSD, PCP, Peyote, Ketamine and Dextromethorphan
– Recent research has indicated that HPPD is not due to “traces of the drug being freed up”
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Define stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens Discuss their ◦ Mechanism of action ◦ Symptoms of intoxication ◦ Symptoms of withdrawal ◦ Short and long term effects ◦ Common street names Differential diagnosis
3. Method of administration greatly effects the intensity and duration of onset for various drugs ◦ Oral (slowest) ◦ Inhalation/Snorting ◦ Inhalation/Smoking ◦ Injection ◦ Rectal suppository ◦ Skin patches AllCEUs.com Unlimited Online CEUs | Interactive Webinars
4. Drugas affect everyone differently, based on: ◦ Size, weight and health ◦ Whether the person is used to taking it ◦ Whether other drugs are taken concurrently ◦ The amount taken ◦ The strength of the drug (varies from batch to batch with illegally produced drugs)
5. Stimulants are substances that act to excite the central nervous system ◦ Caffeine ◦ Amphetmines ◦ Cocaine
6. Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as elevate blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorders, ADHD, narcolepsy, and occasionally depression
7. Stimulants enhance norepinephrine and dopamine. Increase in dopamine can induce a feeling of euphoria when stimulants are taken nonmedically. Norepinepherine also increases blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, increases blood glucose, and opens up breathing passages. Video Rating: / 5
It seems like stimulants and hyperactivity shouldn’t mix, so why are they so often prescribed to treat ADHD?
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Sources:
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00422
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00182
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785488/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802473
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/184547
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777416/
https://static.cambridge.org/resource/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20170214114345130-0846:S0140525X05430071:S0140525X05000075a.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bbae/907320b607564a12c70c0d2939d8052aae78.pdf
https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Abstract/2007/08000/Long_Term_School_Outcomes_for_Children_with.1.aspx
https://journals.lww.com/jrnldbp/Abstract/2007/08000/Modifiers_of_Long_Term_School_Outcomes_for.2.aspx
https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/ritalin-adderall-difference#1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384709
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02039908
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489818/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859174
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/special-subjects/recreational-drugs-and-intoxicants/amphetamines
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/1691781
Changes in levels of alertness as indicated by brain waves patterns (beta, alpha, theta, delta) due to druginduced
altered states of consciousness (stimulants and depressants) Video Rating: / 5
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