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The information contained in this video is for educational purposes only. Description of the pharmacological, psychological and physiological effects of stimulant us and abuse with a focus on drugs of abuse such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Brief discussion of other stimulants and possible treatments for stimulant addiction.
Drugs 101-Stimulants is the second in a series conducted by HRC and the CAPTC.
This presentation covers basic information on the differences between two big drug classes, stimulants and opioids. The presentation compares and contrasts the types of drugs, the effects of the drugs, and overdoses from the drugs. Brought to you by MaineGeneral’s Peter Alfond Prevention & Healthy Living Center. Video Rating: / 5
Amphetamine is a stimulant drug that is used primarily in the treatment of ADHD. In this video, I discuss some of the proposed mechanisms by which amphetamine acts on the brain to produce its stimulant effects.
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss amphetamine.
Amphetamine is a stimulant drug used mainly in the treatment of ADHD. Several popular drugs, like Adderall, primarily contain amphetamine.
Although we don’t have a full understanding of the effects of amphetamine on the brain, there are some aspects of its pharmacology that are well established. Amphetamine binds to the transporter proteins for monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and then can be taken up into neurons via these transporter proteins. Once inside the neuron, amphetamine disrupts the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles. One way it does this is by inhibiting
a protein called vesicular monoamine transporter 2, or VMAT2, whose normal role is to transport monoamines into vesicles. Inhibition of VMAT2 leads to higher levels of these neurotransmitters in the neuron.
Through a mechanism or mechanisms that are still not fully understood, amphetamine is then able to cause the monoamine transporter proteins to run in reverse, leading to the increased release of monoamines—especially dopamine and norepinephrine—and increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. These elevated monoamine levels can have various effects on different parts of the central nervous system. Increased dopamine levels in the reward system, for example, may contribute to the reinforcing effects of amphetamine use.
Although the primary action of amphetamine is to cause the increased release of monoamines, there are various other mechanisms that may contribute to the effects of the drug. For example, amphetamine also competes with monoamines for reuptake into the neuron, in effect inhibiting reuptake. And it may inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that metabolizes monoamines. The effect of both of these actions is to additionally increase levels of monoamines in the neuron and the synaptic cleft.
Reference:
David J Heal, Sharon L Smith, Jane Gosden, and David J Nutt. Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun; 27(6): 479–496. doi: 10.1177/0269881113482532
Photo credit for image of Adderall: Benjamin Vincent Kasapoglu Video Rating: / 5
Did the stimulus work? A new video answers that question by looking at three broad, but important, indicators for the American economy. All three were in bad shape before the stimulus began, and all three turned around at almost exactly the moment the stimulus started. Coincidence?
Learn more at http://www.americanprogress.org
Tax season has officially begun and many have questions about claiming a stimulus check as part of their IRS refund. Trudy Howard of Howard Tax Prep LLC offers tips on getting your refund.
Full story: https://abc7chicago.com/irs-get-my-payment-tax-refund-stimulus-checks-stimlus-status/11525425/
In which Jacob and Adriene teach you about the evils of fiscal policy and stimulus. Well, maybe the policies aren’t evil, but there is an evil lair involved. In this episode we learn how government use taxes and spending influence the economy. Sometimes the government gives, and sometimes it takes. And the giving and the taking can have a profound effect on how economies behave.
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On March 11, 2021 the president signed the American Rescue Plan into law, providing a new round of stimulus checks to millions of Americans. That’s an example of fiscal stimulus, not monetary stimulus. Monetary and fiscal policy sound similar, and they are both ways the government can influence the economy. Monetary policy involves the money supply and interest rates, while fiscal policy focuses on taxation and government spending. When there’s an economic slowdown, they typically take the form of stimulus plans like the CARES Act (fiscal stimulus) or quantitative easing (monetary stimulus). Understanding how fiscal and monetary policy are similar and how they differ can help you better understand how government stimulus could affect your portfolio.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (#ADHD) affects people’s ability to concentrate and organize their lives. Medication combined with CBT and parental coaching can help those with ADHD.
#ADHD #ADHDMedication #MentalHealth
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If you or someone you know are having thoughts of suicide or self-harm or are experiencing a mental health crisis, please call a national 24/7 hotline. For United States residents, those are:
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For anyone experiencing a mental health crisis.
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How stimulants work in Adult ADHD: Most people know that the stimulant medications can be of great help in Adult ADHD, but most people think it just boosts concentration. They can be wonderfully helpful and I’ve witnessed many people who have found them to be transformative. But there’s no free lunch and it can be helpful to understand what some of the downsides are and how you can mitigate them.
The stimulants (dexamphetaine/Adderall, ritalin/concerta/methylphenidate) have many effects on the brain/body. Many of these aren’t well know to people, or even to their doctors, so we’ll unpack the 10 secrets of stimulant medications:
Secret 1: Stimulants can inhibit natural distractibility
Secret 2: Stimulants can reduce spontaneity, creativity and playfulness
Secret 3: Stimulants can worsen sleep, anxiety, panic and anger
Secret 4: Stimulants can sometimes reduce anger and anxiety
Secret 5: Stimulants stimulate positive emotion with can sometime lead to addiction
Secret 6: Stimulants can increase physical performance, blood pressure and heart rate
Secret 7: Rebound effects are the opposite of the stimulant effects
Secret 8: Sometimes the “crash” can help with sleep
Secret 9: Tolerance can happen over time, that lead to dose creep
Secret 10: Tolerance/dose creep can be mitigated by regular (weekly) breaks from them
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#neurobiology #pharmacology #addictioneducation
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Neurobiological Impact of Stimulants Depressants and Hallucinogens
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes PhD, LPC-MHSP
Objectives
– Define stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens
– Discuss
– Mechanism of action
– Symptoms of intoxication
– Symptoms of withdrawal
– Short and long term effects
– See also https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts
Tolerance and Withdrawal
– All psychoactive drugs cause alterations in the neurotransmitter balance.
– Through exposure to either persistent or abnormally high levels of a substance
– Bodily tissues develop resistance to prevent system overload. (ice cubes in the bath)
– The body responds by increasing “balancing” neurotransmitters. (turn up the water heater)
– Once the body has come to depend on the higher level of the substance, when it is withdrawn, then the “balancing neurotransmitters” exert their effect.
Intro
– Method of administration greatly effects the intensity and duration of onset for various drugs
– Oral (slowest)
– Inhalation/Snorting
– Inhalation/Smoking
– Injection
– Rectal suppository
– Skin patches (pain relief, smoking cessation)
Intro
– Drugs affect everyone differently, based on:
– Size, weight and health (cardiac, thyroid, biological neurotransmitter levels)
– Whether the person is used to taking it
– Whether other drugs are taken concurrently
– The amount taken
– The strength of the drug (varies from batch to batch with illegally produced drugs)
What are Stimulants
– Stimulants are substances that act to excite the central nervous system (HPA-Axis)
– Caffeine
– Amphetamines
– Cocaine
– Used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, ADHD, narcolepsy, and occasionally depression
What are Depressants
– Depressants exert the opposite effect of stimulants.
– They s-l-o-w everything down
– Mechanism of Action
– Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA, and inhibition of glutamatergic or monoaminergic (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) activity
What are Hallucinogens
– Hallucinogens cause profound distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality.
– Some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) are hallucinogenic, but hallucinogens can also be man-made
– Commonly divided into two broad categories
– Classic hallucinogens (such as LSD)
– Dissociative drugs (such as PCP).
Dissociatives
– Ketamine—also known as K, Special K, or cat Valium—is odorless and tasteless and has amnesia-inducing and dissociative properties. (Can facilitate sexual assault.)
– DXM (Dextromethorphan)—also known as robo—is a cough suppressant and expectorant
– Salvia divinorum—also known as diviner’s sage—is a psychoactive plant typically ingested by chewing fresh leaves or by drinking their extracted juices.
What are Hallucinogens
– Hallucinogens interfere with the action serotonin and/or glutamate, which regulate:
– Mood
– Sensory perception and response
– Sleep
– Hunger
– Body temperature
– Sexual behavior
– Muscle control
– Pain perception
– Learning and memory
Summary
– Stimulants range from caffeine to methamphetamine and “amp up” the system
– Opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants are all CNS depressants
– Combinations of depressants have an exponential additive effect
– Evaluate patients for exposure to all CNS depressants intentional and incidental
– Hallucinogens include LSD, PCP, Peyote, Ketamine and Dextromethorphan
– Recent research has indicated that HPPD is not due to “traces of the drug being freed up”
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School Education anatomy resource. 3D Anatomica provides learning resources to educational organisations explaining how the body works, the effects of smoking, hallucinogenic, depressive, stimulants and alcohol on the body. Video Rating: / 5
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Inarguably, it’s pretty bad right now.
Businesses are closing, unemployment is rising, and people are scared for their health.
Fortunately, governments are coming to the rescue with a swath of economic bailouts, stimulus checks, and hardship support.
And since we’re living through an event that will shape economic policy for generations to come, it’s an ideal time to explore what economic responses we want to replicate in the future, as well as which government policies have completely fumbled the economic response of 2020.
By doing this, we should be able to analyze the efficiency of government spending for the purposes of creating a strong economy.
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📚 Want to learn more about the economics of stimulus packages? We recommend reading “The Courage to Act: A Memoir of a Crisis and Its Aftermath”, by Ben Bernanke
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The government sent out an unprecedented amount of money to help Americans deal with the Covid-19 pandemic. It is easy to tell if you received a payment, but it can be complicated to understand the finer details of the policy. Watch this video to learn about what the checks mean for your future tax refunds, who may have to repay the money and to see if you will be eligible for a potential second round of stimulus. For access to live and exclusive video from CNBC subscribe to CNBC PRO: https://cnb.cx/2NGeIvi
The IRS and Treasury Department issued more than 0 billion in stimulus payments to Americans at the start of the Covid-19 shutdown.
The checks were meant to give immediate relief directly to people and help boost the economy in the process, but the finer details of the program may be lost on some who received the payments.
One example is that the payments are technically considered a tax credit, but they will not affect your future tax returns, according to Garrett Watson, a senior policy analyst at the Tax Foundation. Some people were under the impression the checks were part of their tax refund.
The technicality helps the IRS and the Treasury Department issue payments with an existing system and calling the checks a credit streamlined the process, Watson said.
Check out this video to learn more about how the stimulus checks work and to see what we know about eligibility requirements for the potential second round of payments being debated in Congress.
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