This presentation covers basic information on the differences between two big drug classes, stimulants and opioids. The presentation compares and contrasts the types of drugs, the effects of the drugs, and overdoses from the drugs. Brought to you by MaineGeneral’s Peter Alfond Prevention & Healthy Living Center.
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This video is an informative animated presentation that explains in detail about sperm retrieval procedures. If a man has trouble getting a woman pregnant, he may have a condition known as infertility. His doctor may recommend a procedure to collect his sperm, so it can be used to help him father a child. Sperm retrieval and collection are usually performed for a condition called Azoospermia where a man has no measureable amounts of sperm in his semen. There are two types of Azoospermia. The first type is called obstructive azoospermia, occurs when the pathway of sperm out of the body is blocked. The second type, called non-obstructive azoospermia, occurs when the testicles produce a little or no sperm. There are several procedures to remove fluid from a testicle or an epididymis to see if it contains health sperm. During percutaneous procedures, sperm are removed through the skin of the scrotum without making an incision. Watch the video to know more about sperm retrieval procedures.
Manipal Hospitals is a certified pioneer in the Indian health-care industry for over 6 decades and has been delivering top-notch health-care services that are curative, preventive and rehabilitative. In an effort to increase awareness on heath concerns among the general public, world-class animation videos are presented in this channel.
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Amphetamine is a stimulant drug that is used primarily in the treatment of ADHD. In this video, I discuss some of the proposed mechanisms by which amphetamine acts on the brain to produce its stimulant effects.
TRANSCRIPT:
Welcome to 2 minute neuroscience, where I explain neuroscience topics in 2 minutes or less. In this installment I will discuss amphetamine.
Amphetamine is a stimulant drug used mainly in the treatment of ADHD. Several popular drugs, like Adderall, primarily contain amphetamine.
Although we don’t have a full understanding of the effects of amphetamine on the brain, there are some aspects of its pharmacology that are well established. Amphetamine binds to the transporter proteins for monoamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and then can be taken up into neurons via these transporter proteins. Once inside the neuron, amphetamine disrupts the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles. One way it does this is by inhibiting
a protein called vesicular monoamine transporter 2, or VMAT2, whose normal role is to transport monoamines into vesicles. Inhibition of VMAT2 leads to higher levels of these neurotransmitters in the neuron.
Through a mechanism or mechanisms that are still not fully understood, amphetamine is then able to cause the monoamine transporter proteins to run in reverse, leading to the increased release of monoamines—especially dopamine and norepinephrine—and increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. These elevated monoamine levels can have various effects on different parts of the central nervous system. Increased dopamine levels in the reward system, for example, may contribute to the reinforcing effects of amphetamine use.
Although the primary action of amphetamine is to cause the increased release of monoamines, there are various other mechanisms that may contribute to the effects of the drug. For example, amphetamine also competes with monoamines for reuptake into the neuron, in effect inhibiting reuptake. And it may inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that metabolizes monoamines. The effect of both of these actions is to additionally increase levels of monoamines in the neuron and the synaptic cleft.
Reference:
David J Heal, Sharon L Smith, Jane Gosden, and David J Nutt. Amphetamine, past and present – a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun; 27(6): 479–496. doi: 10.1177/0269881113482532
Photo credit for image of Adderall: Benjamin Vincent Kasapoglu
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Every spring the male alligators put on a spectacular mating display but can Helen get them to start flirting? Taken from Animal Super Senses. Subscribe: http://bit.ly/BBCEarthSub
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In this clip @allmypets, you can see how romantic the male crocs having courting relationship with their female partners before their mating. Watch full video to see how a romantic relationship they have.
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#allmypets #crocodile mating #croc breeding
